A talifi na gaba zamuyi duban sauri / sauransu / passwd. Wannan fayil ɗin zai adana mahimman bayanai waɗanda ake buƙata yayin shiga akan tsarin Gnu/Linux.. A wasu kalmomi, za a adana bayanan da suka shafi asusun mai amfani a wurin. Fayil ɗin yana adana rubutu a sarari, wanda zai samar da bayanai masu amfani ga kowane asusun mai amfani.
Fayil / sauransu / passwd dole ne ku sami izinin karantawa gabaɗaya, saboda yawancin abubuwan amfani suna amfani da shi don sanya ID ga sunayen masu amfani. Samun damar rubuta wannan fayil yana iyakance ga superuser/asusun tushen tushe.. Fayil mallakar tushen ne kuma yana da izini 644. Ma'ana cewa tushen ko masu amfani kawai za su iya gyara shi tare da gata na sudo.
Duba cikin sauri a /etc/passwd fayil
Sunan fayil ɗin ya samo asali daga ɗayan ayyukansa na farko. Wannan ya ƙunshi bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da kalmomin shiga na asusun mai amfani. Koyaya, akan tsarin Unix na zamani, galibi ana adana bayanan kalmar sirri a cikin wani fayil daban, ta amfani da kalmomin shiga inuwa ko wasu ayyukan aiwatar da bayanai.
Ana iya cewa fayil ɗin / sauransu / passwd Rubuce-rubucen da aka kafa a sarari, wanda ya ƙunshi bayanai game da duk asusun mai amfani da aka samu a cikin tsarin.. Kamar yadda muka ce, tushen tushen ne, kuma duk da cewa root ko masu amfani da sudo gata za su iya gyara shi, amma sauran masu amfani da tsarin za su iya karanta shi.
Menene fayil ɗin /etc/passwd?
Ɗayan fasalin da za a haskaka shi ne cewa fayil ne mai sauƙi na ascii rubutu. Wannan fayil ɗin sanyi ne mai ɗauke da cikakkun bayanai game da asusun mai amfani. Gano masu amfani na musamman yana da mahimmanci kuma ya zama dole a lokacin shiga, kuma shine daidai inda tsarin Gnu/Linux ke amfani da shi. / sauransu / passwd.
A cikin wannan fili rubutu fayil za mu sami jerin lissafin tsarin, adanawa daga kowane asusun bayanai masu amfani kamar ID mai amfani, ID na rukuni, kundin gida, harsashi da ƙari.. Hakanan, wannan dole ne ya sami izinin karantawa gabaɗaya, saboda yawancin abubuwan amfani da umarni suna amfani da shi don sanya ID na mai amfani ga sunayen masu amfani.
Kodayake yana yiwuwa a ƙara da sarrafa masu amfani kai tsaye a cikin wannan fayil ɗin, ba a ba da shawarar yin hakan ba, Tun da wannan aikin zai iya ƙara kurakurai, wanda zai zama matsala. Maimakon yin hakan ta wannan hanya, abinku shine amfani da umarnin da ke akwai don gudanar da mai amfani.
Menene amfanin wannan fayil?
Akwai tsare-tsaren tantancewa daban-daban waɗanda za a iya amfani da su akan tsarin Gnu/Linux. Babban madaidaicin tsarin da aka fi amfani dashi shine aiwatar da tantancewa akan fayiloli / sauransu / passwd y / sauransu / inuwa. A cikin Fayil / sauransu / passwd an adana jerin masu amfani da tsarin tare da mahimman bayanai game da su. Godiya ga wannan fayil ɗin, tsarin zai iya gano masu amfani musamman, saboda wannan yana da mahimmanci kuma ya zama dole lokacin fara zaman daidai daidai.
Abubuwan da ke cikin fayil ɗin / sauransu / passwd yana ƙayyade wanda zai iya shiga cikin tsarin bisa doka da abin da za su iya yi sau ɗaya a ciki. Saboda wannan dalili, ana iya ɗaukar wannan fayil ɗin a matsayin layin farko na tsaro don tsarin don hana damar da ba a so. A saboda wannan dalili, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye shi da bug da glitch free.
Tsarin fayil ɗin /etc/passwd
A cikin abubuwan da ke cikin wannan fayil ɗin, za mu sami sunan mai amfani, ainihin sunan, bayanan ganowa da ainihin bayanan asusun kowane mai amfani. Kamar yadda muka ce, wannan fayil ɗin rubutu ne mai shigarwa ɗaya akan kowane layi, kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan layin yana wakiltar asusun mai amfani.
para duba abubuwan ku, masu amfani za su iya amfani da editan rubutu ko umarni kamar haka:
cat /etc/passwd
Kowane layi na fayil / sauransu / passwd zai ƙunshi filaye guda bakwai waɗanda ɗigogi suka rabu (:). Yawanci, layin farko yana bayyana tushen mai amfani, sannan tsarin da asusun mai amfani na yau da kullun. Ana ƙara sabbin shigarwar a ƙarshen.
/etc/passwd darajar fayil
Na gaba za mu ga abin da kowane ɗayan ƙimar da za mu samu a cikin kowane layin fayil ɗin yana nufin. / sauransu / passwd:
- Sunan mai amfani→ Gabas se ana amfani dashi lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga. Dole ne ya kasance tsakanin haruffa 1 zuwa 32 tsayi.
- Contraseña→ Halin x zai nuna cewa an adana kalmar sirrin da aka ɓoye a cikin fayil ɗin / sauransu / inuwa.
- ID mai amfani (UID)→ Kowane mai amfani an sanya shi ID mai amfani (UID) na musamman a cikin tsarin. An tanada UID 0 don tushen kuma an tanada UIDs 1-99 don wasu asusun da aka riga aka ayyana. Tsarin zai tanadi wasu UIDs daga 100 zuwa 999 don gudanarwa da asusun tsarin / ƙungiyoyi.
- ID group (GIDON)→ Wannan shine ID na babban rukunin da mai amfani ya kasance (adana a cikin /etc/group fayil).
- Bayanin mai amfani (GECKOS)→ Anan zamu sami filin sharhi. A cikin wannan yana yiwuwa a ƙara ƙarin bayani game da masu amfani, kamar cikakken suna, lambar tarho, da dai sauransu.
- Littafin adireshi→ Anan za mu sami cikakkiyar hanyar zuwa littafin “gida” mai amfani. Idan babu wannan kundin adireshi, kundin adireshin mai amfani ya zama /.
- Shell→ Wannan ita ce cikakkiyar tafarki na harsashi (/ bin / bash). Ko da yake bazai zama harsashi kamar haka ba. Idan an saita harsashi zuwa / sbin / nologin kuma mai amfani yayi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin tsarin Gnu/Linux kai tsaye, harsashi / sbin / nologin zai rufe haɗin.
Kamar yadda muka fada a sama, sai dai kalmar sirri. tare da kowane editan rubutu kamar «vim» ko «gedit» da «tushen» gata za mu iya canza hali da daidaita duk masu amfani da aka adana a cikin «/etc/passwd». Ko da yake ya zama dole kuma a dage cewa gyara wannan fayil bai kamata a yi shi ba sai a wani yanayi na musamman (da sanin abin da ake yi), domin idan wani abu ya lalace ko kuma muka goge wani abu a cikin ido, za mu iya samun kanmu muna fuskantar bala'i, domin a cikin wannan fayil shine tushen tushen duk wasu izini da muke amfani da su a cikin tsarin.