Menene Ubuntu?

Yi hakuri da fadin haka, amma na tabbata, da karanta kanun labaran wannan labarin, mai wayo da ke bakin aiki zai mayar da martani da takaitaccen bayani kamar “To, da kyau, tsarin aiki ne... a’a... a rabawa." Ee, da kyau, za ku kasance daidai, amma abubuwa suna buƙatar cancanta da fayyace kaɗan. Sunan Ubunlog Ya zo ne daga haɗa Ubuntu da Blog a kalma ɗaya, kuma a cikin wannan labarin za mu yi bayani menene ubuntu.

Don farawa, ban san ta ina zan fara ba. Kuma shi ne kalmar “ubuntu” ba wani abu ba ne da Mark Shuttleworth ko tawagarsa ta tallata su suka kirkiro; ya kasance a da. Don haka, dole ne in yanke shawarar ko zan fara da ainihin kalmar ko da abin da ya shahara, wato software. Tun da wannan shafin yanar gizon fasaha ne, za mu fara da bayanin abin da duk masu amfani da Linux suka sani zuwa girma ko ƙarami.

Menene Ubuntu: magana game da software

A cikin al'ummar Linux, akwai muhawara game da menene a rarraba kuma menene tsarin aiki. Lokacin da muka ce Linux, sai dai idan muna magana ne akan kernel, ainihin abin da muke nufi shine GNU/Linux, amma don kada wani ya soki ni, da cin gajiyar shaharar basirar wucin gadi, na tambayi wani shahararren ... Menene. shine bambanci tsakanin rarrabawa da tsarin aiki lokacin da muke magana akan Linux? Amsar da kuka bani ita ce:

Rarraba Linux tsarin aiki ne na tushen Linux tare da ƙarin kayan aiki da software. Tsarin aiki na Linux shine kernel na tsarin, wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin lambar don kwamfutar ta yi aiki. Rarrabawa suna amfani da kwaya ta Linux azaman tushe, amma ƙara wasu kayan aiki da software don sauƙaƙe tsarin amfani. Waɗannan ƙarin kayan aikin sun haɗa da direbobin kayan masarufi, mu'amalar mai amfani, masu gyara rubutu, shirye-shiryen wasan mai jarida, da ƙari. Rarrabawa kuma sun haɗa da kayan aikin sarrafa tsarin, kamar masu sarrafa fakiti.

Daga abin da ke sama, mun fahimci cewa babban jigon wannan labarin shine tsarin aiki na tushen Linux, amma watakila wannan bai isa ya fahimci abin da yake ba. Tsarin aiki shine tushen rarraba, sabili da haka Ubuntu shine babban bugu tare da tebur na GNOME haka kuma Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu, Ubuntu Mate, Ubuntu Studio, Ubuntu Budgie, Ubuntu Unity da Ubuntu Kylin, waɗanda sune abubuwan dandano na hukuma. .

Su kuma Ubuntu sauran rabawa, kamar Linux Mint ko OS na farko. Wato tsarin aiki shine Ubuntu, kuma ana kammala rarrabawa tare da software da kowannensu ke amfani da shi. A cikin dandano na hukuma, Ubuntu + GNOME, Plasma / Frameworks / KDE Gear, LXQt, Xfce, Budgie, MATE, Plasma + metapackage don masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, Ukui, Hadin kai ko duk abin da distro ya haɗa.

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Mu dauki Ubuntu Desktop (GNOME, babba) a matsayin misali. Rarraba Linux ce Canonical ya haɓaka a cikin 2004, daya daga cikin mafi shahara a sashi saboda sauƙin amfani. Ubuntu Server shine zaɓin da aka fi so don sarrafa sabar.

Kuma menene rabon? An haɓaka tsarin aiki tare da ƙari waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe amfani da shi daga Linux kernel, wanda Linus Torvalds ya kirkira, wanda ya fara shi a matsayin aikin karshe wanda a cikinsa shine kaddamar da tsarin aiki wanda zai iya aiki akan kowace kwamfuta. Linux kamar UNIX ne, kuma sunansa kawai Linus yana ƙarewa da X (na UNIX). Rarraba Linux yawanci buɗaɗɗen tushe ne.

Kuma idan har yanzu ba ku fahimce shi ba, bari mu yi tunani game da waɗannan abubuwan: tsarin aiki shine abin da aka ƙirƙira sama da kernel kuma yana ƙasa da hoto. Tsarin aiki na “peeled” wanda a turance ake kira da “kasusuwan kasusuwa”, zai gudana ne a cikin tasha, a zahiri, ba a cikin kayan aikin hoto da muke amfani da su ba wadanda a zahirin “terminal emulator” ne. Ina tsammanin wannan bayanin haka ya fi fahimtar dalilin da yasa Kubuntu ko Linux Mint ke Ubuntu: su ne Ubuntu a ciki ko abin da ba a gani da wani abu a waje ko abin da ake gani.

Ubuntu a matsayin rabawa

Ubuntu azaman rarraba shine Desktop Ubuntu kuma yana amfani da yanayin hoto na GNOME da software ta tsohuwa. Yawancin lokaci ana barin "desktop" saboda shine babban sigar. Dangane da software da kuke amfani da ita, muna da abubuwa kaɗan kamar:

• GNOME: yanayin hoto da aikace-aikace. Yana amfani da sigar GNOME da aka keɓance, tare da panel ɗin a hagu yana kaiwa daga sashi zuwa sashi (don haka a cikin 2023) da sauran tweaks. Ba shine mafi kyawun GNOME a can ba.
• Wasu aikace-aikacen GNOME, kamar editan rubutu ko kalanda.
• Software na Ubuntu: Shagon software wanda, a ka'idar, yakamata a shigar da komai. Ba a Cokali mai yatsa daga software na GNOME, a wani bangare da aka tsara don ba da fifiko ga fakitin Canonical's Snap.
• LibreOffice a matsayin babban ɗakin ofis, kodayake ba a haɗa shi ba idan an yi “ƙananan” shigarwa.
• Firefox a matsayin tsoho mai bincike da Thunderbird a matsayin tsohowar mail abokin ciniki.
• Rhytmbox azaman app na kiɗa.
• Wayland ta tsohuwa, lokacin da katin zane yana tallafawa.

dadin dandano na hukuma

Baya ga babban sigar, muna da:

• Kubuntu. Sigar hukuma ce tare da tebur (Plasma) da software na KDE. Zabi ne da aka ƙera don ya zama mai sauƙin amfani, ana iya daidaita shi da ruwa. Wani ɓangare na sauƙin amfani da shi shine saboda kasancewarsa yana da kamanceceniya da Windows waɗanda duk muka sani daga nau'in 1995, tare da rukunin farawa iri ɗaya.
• Xubuntu. Wani ɗanɗano ne wanda aka ƙirƙira shi da farko tare da kwamfutoci masu ƙarancin albarkatu a zuciya. Yana amfani da tebur na XFCE, wanda ake iya daidaita shi sosai kuma yana da haske fiye da GNOME da Plasma.
• Lubuntu. Wani dandano ne wanda aka keɓe ga ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarancin albarkatu. Bambanci tare da Xubuntu yana kan tebur ɗin ku: Lubuntu yana amfani LXQt, tare da panel mai kama da Windows kuma mafi sauƙi fiye da Xfce, amma ƙasa da tsari.
• Ubuntu MATE. Ubuntu MATE na yanzu shine tsohuwar Ubuntu. Wato, Martin Wimpress ne ya ƙirƙira shi don masu amfani da rashin gamsuwa da Unity lokacin da Canonical ya canza tebur a cikin 2010. Ganin cewa yana jan hankalin masu amfani, ya zama dandano na hukuma, kuma yana haɗa mafi kyawun Ubuntu na gargajiya tare da sabbin fasahohi.
• Ƙungiyar Ubuntu. Sigar Ubuntu ce da aka tsara don masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki. Dangane da wace shekarar da muka kama shi, ana amfani da shi ko dai Xfce ko Plasma, amma abin da koyaushe ya haɗa shine fakitin software na multimedia kamar GIMP, Blender, InkScape, Krita, ko Ardor.
• Ubuntu Budgie. Wani ɗanɗano ne wanda yake kama da GNOME wanda ke son kayan shafa. Yawancin abubuwan ciki na Ubuntu Budgie ana raba su tare da na babban dandano, amma yana da nasa jigon da ƙirar ƙira.
• Ƙungiyar Ubuntu. Lokacin da Canonical ya koma Unity, sun zauna tare da shi tsawon shekaru har sai sun yanke shawarar yin watsi da shi, a nan ne suka koma GNOME. Shekaru daga baya, wani matashi mai haɓakawa ya tashi don tayar da shi, ya yi aiki mai kyau, kuma ya dawo azaman dandano na hukuma. Haɗin kai yayi kama da GNOME na zamani, amma yana amfani da Dash maimakon tashar jirgin ruwa da wasu ƴan tweaks.
• Ubuntu Kylin. Wani ɗanɗano ne da aka yi niyya ga jama'ar Sinawa, kuma yana amfani da yanayin hoto na Ukui.

logo da dabbobi

Tambarin Ubuntu shine sanannen da'irar aboki. Ana gani daga sama, ƙwallo uku kawai za ku iya gani da da'irar da ba ta cika ba, amma waɗannan ƙwallayen a zahiri kai ne kuma da'irar zata zama hannun abokai uku.

Game da dabbobi, duk nau'ikan Ubuntu tun daga farkon 2004 sun yi amfani da a sunan dabbar africa ko kuma samu a kasar.

Falsafar

Wannan bangare na iya zama mafi ƙarancin ban sha'awa ga masu amfani da Linux, amma shine tushen komai. ubuntu da falsafar, ƙa'idar ɗabi'a ta duniya wacce aka haifa a Afirka ta Kudu, ƙasar asalin Mark Shuttleworth. Wannan ɗabi'ar ta mai da hankali ne kan amincin mutane da dangantakarmu. Kalmar ta fito daga Zulu da Xhosa, kuma al'ada ce ta al'adar Afirka.

Ma'anar na iya bambanta, kuma ya danganta da mahallin da wanda ke amfani da shi, yana iya komawa zuwa:

• Dan Adam zuwa ga sauran mutane. A haƙiƙa, akwai kuma akwai jigogin tebur waɗanda ake kira “Humanity”, kuma suna yin haka ne domin yana ɗaya daga cikin ma’anar kalmar.
• Idan kowa ya yi nasara, ka yi nasara. Ana iya ganin wannan ma'anar a matsayin "karma" a wasu falsafanci ko addinai.
• Mun kasance saboda muna.
• Mutumin da ya zama mutum saboda wasu mutane.
• Ni ne abin da na dogara a kan abin da dukan mutane suke.
• Imani hanyar haɗin kai ce ta duniya wacce ke haɗawa da duk bil'adama (raba, haɗa… da'irar abokai ko CoF).
• Tawali'u
• Tausayawa
• Ni saboda muna, kuma tun muna, to, ni ne.
• Mu ne, saboda haka ni ne, kuma tun da ni, to, muna.
• Amfanin gama gari na mutum ne (daga fahimtata, wata hanyar kallon karma).

Desmond Tutu ya ayyana shi kamar haka:

Mutumin da ke da ubuntu yana buɗewa kuma yana samuwa ga wasu, yana tallafa wa wasu, ba ya jin tsoro lokacin da wasu suka iya kuma suna da kyau a wani abu, saboda suna da tabbacin kansu, sun san cewa suna cikin babban abu, suna raguwa lokacin da sauran mutane. ana wulakanta su ko kuma a wulakanta su, lokacin da aka azabtar da wasu ko zalunta.

Ko wacce ma’anar da aka zaba, ko kuma aka duba gaba dayanta, Ubuntu dan Adam ne, rabawa ne, amfanin gama gari ne. Falsafa ce, tunani da/ko ji, kuma Shuttleworth da kamfani suna tunanin yana da kyau a yi amfani da kalmar don suna tsarin da za su ƙaddamar.