Mvumo yefaira inoshanda sei muLinux (I)

ari faira uye dhairekitori mvumo chikamu chakakosha munyika ye GNU / Linux, uye vanoumba chimwe chezvikamu zvakagarwa nhaka kubva pane zvaive zviripo muUnix kwemakore. Kune yakati wandei vashandisi avo vakatofanira kubata nenyaya yekusvika pachikuva ichi pane imwe nguva kana imwe, ndeimwe yenyaya idzo dzinovharira uye dzinoisa ruremekedzo, asi sezvinhu zvese muhupenyu zviri nyore kunzwisisa kana isu tiri kupa rubatsiro rwakakodzera.

Mune ino posvo isu tichaedza kubvisa kumwe kusahadzika, uye kuve pachena, kwekutanga uye kwakakosha sezvinobvira kuitira kuti munhu wese atange kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita faira uye dhairekitori anoshanda muGNU / Linux. Iri harisi gwara repamberi, saka avo vatove neruzivo mune ino nyaya vanogona kutevedzera, nekuti isu tichaedza kujekesa uye kutsanangura kune avo vari kungotanga muhurongwa hwekushanda, kana avo avo kunyangwe vaine ndanga ndichishandisa chikuva chenguva yakati ndisina ichi chakanyatsodzidziswa.

Chinhu chekutanga kunzwisisa ndechekuti mvumo dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu: muridzi, boka nevamwe, iyo inomiririra iyo kupinda mvumo iyo ichave nemuridzi wefaira kana dhairekitori, iyo ichave nemushandisi iri yeboka iro rine iro iro faira kana dhairekitori, uye rinozove nevamwe vese vashandisi veiyo system. Kuti utarise mvumo idzi, tinogona kuenda kune dhairekitori tigoita zvinotevera:

chisiye

Tichaona zvakafanana nezvatinazvo mumufananidzo wepamusoro wepositi, patinowana ruzivo rwakamiririrwa mumitsara yakawanda nemakoramu. Iyo yekupedzisira inotiratidza chimwe chinhu chakadai -rw-r-r- 1 mudzi midzi 164 Mbudzi 11 2014 xinitrc, uye izvo zvatinoona zvakanaka kuruboshwe ndizvo zvichatinakidza isu zvikuru kutanga kunzwisisa maitiro atingaite kutonga mvumo. Iyo yekutanga ikholamu inotiratidza nzvimbo gumi, imwe neimwe iine chirevo chakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti inogarwa na:

• b: block mudziyo
• c: hunhu mudziyo (semuenzaniso / dev / tty1)
• d: dhairekitori
• l: yekufananidza chinongedzo (semuenzaniso / usr / bin / java -> / imba / zvirongwa / java / jre / bin / java)
• p: inonzi pombi (semuenzaniso / proc / 1 / mamapu)
• - mvumo isina kupihwa
• r: kuverenga
• w: kunyora
• x: kuuraya

Iyo d ichave iripo chete mune yekutanga nzvimbo kutanga kubva kuruboshwe, uye zvinoreva kuti chinhu chiri kumubvunzo idhairekitori, saka kana tiine nzvimbo iyoyo inogarwa nekunyepedzera «-» tichava pamberi pefaira. Gare gare, nzvimbo pfumbamwe dzinotevera dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu evatatu, uye odhiyo inogara iri inotevera: rwx, inomiririra kunyora, kuverenga nekuita mvumo kune muridzi, boka uye nevamwe (vamwe) zvichiteerana..

Izvo zvinotevera nhamba inotiratidza huwandu hwekubatana kune iyi faira kana dhairekitori, nhamba inowanzo kuve 1, dzimwe nguva inogona kuve maviri uye mashoma, zvishoma, iine imwe nhamba. Izvo hazvina basa izvozvi, kana zvirinani hazvina kukosha kuchinangwa chedu chekuziva mvumo yefaira muLinux, saka ngatiendererei mberi neiyo inotevera munda sezvo izvi zvichitifadza kubvira iwo 'mudzi' watinoona ipapo zvinoreva kuti muridzi yefaira iri, uye 'mudzi' watinoona mukoramu yechina zvinoreva kuti iyo faira zvakare ndeya 'mudzi' weboka. Ipapo minda inotevera inomiririra saizi inode, zuva uye zita refaira kana dhairekitori.

Tine ruzivo urwu mupfungwa tichakwanisa kutanga kunzwisisa zvinotevera, inova iyo nhamba yezita remazita emvumo, chimwe chinhu chaijairika cheGNU / Linux, BSD uye mamwe * nix masisitimu. Uye zvakare, iri zita remazita rinotibatsira kushandura mvumo dzefaira nekukurumidza tichishandisa chmod raira, uye ndizvo zvatichaona mune imwe posvo asi ikozvino tinogona kutarisa pane zvinotevera: Verenga mvumo zvinoreva kuti tinogona kuona zvirimo mune zvakataurwa faira kana dhairekitori, kunyora zvinoreva kuti tine mvumo yekugadzirisa iyo faira kana dhairekitori uye mvumo yekuita zvinoreva kuti isu tinogona kuendesa iyo faira kana, kana isu tiri pamberi pesarudzo, kuti isu unogona kutsvaga mariri. (ndokuti, ita "ls"). Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei mafaera akakosha musystem, senge / usr /, / usr / bin kana / usr / lib ane mvumo inobvumidzwa asi kwete kunyora mvumo kunze kwemuridzi, nekuti nenzira iyi vese vashandisi vanogona kuita mirairo yese asi vachiita kwete kugadzirisa kana kudzima chero chinhu kusvikira tapihwa izvo mvumo kana kuve 'mudzi' kuburikidza neiyo 'su' rairo.