Munyaya inotevera tichazotarisa nekukurumidza / etc / passwd. Iri faira rinochengeta ruzivo rwakakosha rwunodiwa panguva yekupinda paGnu/Linux masisitimu.. Mune mamwe mazwi, ruzivo rwakabatana nemaakaundi emushandisi ruchachengetwa ipapo. Iyo faira inochengetedza mavara akajeka, ayo anozopa ruzivo runobatsira kune yega yega mushandisi account.
Faira / etc / passwd iwe unofanirwa kuve nemvumo yekuverenga yakajairika, sezvishandiso zvakawanda zvinoishandisa kupa ID kune mazita ekushandisa. Kunyora kwekunyora kune iyi faira kunogumira kune superuser/root account.. Iyo faira ndeye midzi uye ine mvumo 644. Zvinoreva kuti inogona kungogadziriswa nemudzi kana vashandisi vane sudo ropafadzo.
Kutarisa nekukurumidza pa /etc/passwd faira
Zita refaira rinobva kune rimwe remabasa aro ekutanga. Izvi zvaive nedata raishandiswa kuona mapassword emaakaundi evashandisi. Nekudaro, pane yazvino Unix masisitimu, mashoko epasiwedhi anowanzo kuchengetwa mune imwe faira, uchishandisa mapassword emumvuri kana mamwe mashandisirwo edhatabhesi.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti faira / etc / passwd Icho chinyorwa chakajeka chakavakirwa dhatabhesi, iyo ine ruzivo nezve ese mushandisi maakaundi anowanikwa muhurongwa.. Sezvatakataura, ndeye midzi, uye kunyangwe ichigona kungogadziriswa nemidzi kana vashandisi vane sudo ropafadzo, inoverengwawo nevamwe vashandisi pahurongwa.
Chii chinonzi /etc/passwd faira?
Imwe ficha yekusimbisa ndeyekuti iri nyore faira re ascii text. Uyu ifaira rekugadzirisa rine ruzivo maererano nemaakaundi emushandisi. Kunyatso zivisa vashandisi kwakakosha uye kunodiwa panguva yekupinda, uye ndipo chaipo panoshandiswa Gnu/Linux masisitimu / etc / passwd.
Mune iri plain text file isu tichawana runyoro rweakaundi account, kuchengetedza kubva kuaccount yega yega ruzivo rwakakosha senge ID yemushandisi, ID yeboka, dhairekitori repamba, shell nezvimwe.. Zvakare, izvi zvinofanirwa kuve nemvumo yekuverenga yakawanda, sezvizhinji zvekuraira zvinoshandisa kugovera ID yemushandisi kune mazita ekushandisa.
Kunyangwe zvichikwanisika kuwedzera uye kubata vashandisi zvakananga mufaira iri, hazvikurudzirwe kuzviita, sezvo chiito ichi chinogona kuwedzera zvikanganiso, izvo zvingava dambudziko. Panzvimbo pekuzviita seizvi, chinhu chako kushandisa mirairo iripo yekutonga kwemushandisi.
Chii chinoshandiswa nefaira iyi?
Kune akati wandei akasiyana echokwadi zvirongwa zvinogona kushandiswa paGnu/Linux masisitimu. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa yakajairwa chirongwa ndeyekuita huchokwadi pamafaira / etc / passwd y / etc / mumvuri. MuFaira / etc / passwd rondedzero yevashandisi vehurongwa inochengetwa pamwe chete neruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pavo. Nekuda kweiyi faira, iyo sisitimu inogona kusiyanisa vashandisi, sezvo izvi zvakakosha uye zvakakosha kana uchitanga chikamu chinoenderana nemazvo.
Zviri mukati mefaira / etc / passwd inotarisa kuti ndiani anogona kuwana zviri pamutemo system uye zvavanogona kuita kamwe mukati. Nechikonzero ichi, iyi faira inogona kutorwa seyekutanga mutsara wekudzivirira kune sisitimu kudzivirira kupinda kusingadiwe. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha kuti uchengetedze bug uye glitch pasina.
Chimiro che /etc/passwd faira
Mune zviri mufaira iri, tinowana zita rekushandisa, zita chairo, ruzivo rwekuzivikanwa uye ruzivo rwekutanga rweakaundi yemushandisi wega wega. Sezvatakataura, iri faira remavara rine chinongedzo chimwe pamutsetse, uye imwe neimwe yemitsara iyi inomiririra account yemushandisi.
Para ona zvirimo, vashandisi vanogona kushandisa chinyorwa edhita kana murairo senge unotevera:
cat /etc/passwd
Mutsara wega wega wefaira / etc / passwd richava neminda minomwe yakapatsanurwa nemadonhwe (:). Kazhinji, mutsara wekutanga unotsanangura mudzi mushandisi, uchiteverwa nehurongwa uye akajairwa mushandisi maakaundi. Zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinowedzerwa pamagumo.
/etc/passwd faira tsika
Tevere tichaona kuti chimwe nechimwe chezvikoshero zvatichawana mune imwe neimwe yemitsetse yefaira zvinorevei. / etc / passwd:
- Username→ Mabvazuva se inoshandiswa kana mushandisi apinda. Inofanira kuva pakati pe1 uye 32 mavara kureba.
- pasiwedhi→ Hunhu x hunoratidza kuti password yakavharidzirwa inochengetwa mufaira / etc / mumvuri.
- Mushandisi ID (UID)→ Wese mushandisi anopihwa mushandisi ID (UID) yakasiyana muhurongwa. UID 0 yakachengeterwa midzi uye maUID 1-99 akachengeterwa mamwe maakaundi akatemerwa. Iyo sisitimu inochengeta mamwe maUID kubva pa100 kusvika 999 ekutonga uye system account / mapoka.
- Group ID (Gidhariti)→ Iyi ndiyo ID yeboka guru iro mushandisi ari (yakachengetwa mu /etc/group faira).
- Ruzivo rwemushandisi (GECKOS)→ Pano tichawana nzvimbo yekutaura. Mune izvi zvinokwanisika kuwedzera rumwe ruzivo nezve vashandisi, senge zita rakazara, nhamba yefoni, nezvimwe.
- Dhairekitori repamba→ Pano tichawana iyo yakakwana nzira kune "imba" dhairekitori remushandisi. Kana iyi dhairekitori isipo, dhairekitori remushandisi rinova /.
- Shell→ Iyi ndiyo mhedziso nzira yegoko (/ bin / bash) Kunyangwe iyo inogona kunge isiri goko rakadaro. Kana goko rakaiswa / sbin / nologin uye mushandisi anoedza kupinda muGnu/Linux system zvakananga, goko / sbin / nologin ichavhara kubatana.
Sezvatataura mitsara pamusoro, kunze kwepassword, nechero text editor senge «vim»kana «gedit» uye «mudzi» ropafadzo tinogona kushandura maitiro uye kumisikidzwa kwevashandisi vese vakachengetwa mu «/etc/passwd». Kunyangwe zvichidikanwawo kusimbisa kuti kugadzirisa iyi faira hakufanirwe kuitwa kunze kwekunge yakasarudzika nyaya (uye kuziva zvinoitwa), nekuti kana chimwe chinhu chikashatiswa kana tikadzima chimwe chinhu mukutarisa, tinogona kuzviwana takatarisana nenjodzi, nekuti mufaira iri ndiro musimboti wemvumo dzese dzatinoshandisa uye dzatichashandisa muhurongwa.