Chii chinonzi OSI modhi uye chii basa rayo

Muchinyorwa chinotevera tichatora kutarisa kwekutanga kuti chii chinonzi OSI modhi uye basa rayo chii. mabvazuva referensi modhi yeOpen Systems Interconnection (OSI, Vhura System Interconnection) yakaburitswa muna 1984, uye yaive inotsanangura network modhi yakagadzirwa neISO (International Organisation for Standardization) Iyo OSI modhi haisi chinhu chinopfuura chiyero chezvibvumirano zvekutaurirana. tsvuku. Aya maprotocol mitemo yekutaurirana inoshandiswa kubatanidza makomputa maviri kana anopfuura. Zvinoitwa neOSI modhi kuunganidza maprotocol aya mumapoka chaiwo kana matara.

mwero uyu vakatsvaga chinangwa chekubatanidza masisitimu akasiyana siyana, kuitira kuti vagone kuchinjana ruzivo pasina chero rudzi rwechipingamupinyi., nekuda kwezvibvumirano zvavakashanda nazvo zvinoenderana nemugadziri wavo. Iyo OSI modhi inoumbwa ne7 layer kana mazinga ekubvisa. Imwe neimwe yeaya mazinga ichave neayo mabasa, kuitira kuti pamwe chete vakwanise kusvika pachinangwa chavo chekupedzisira. Chaizvo kupatsanurwa uku mumatanho kunoita kuti kugoneke kupindirana kwezvibvumirano zvakasiyana, nekuisa pfungwa pamabasa chaiwo padanho rega rega rekushanda.

Sezvandataura, yega yega yeOSI modhi ine basa chairo uye inotaurirana nemateru ari pamusoro nepasi. Iwo maprotocol anozoita basa rekutaurirana pakati pezvikwata, kuitira kuti a hondo inogona kupindirana neimwe yakasiyana, layer by layer.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti OSI itioretical referensi modhi, ndiko kuti, chiyero chinobatsira kune masisitimu kubva kune vakasiyana vagadziri uye/kana makambani kuti vataurirane zvakakwana. Chinhu chimwe chekuchengeta mupfungwa ndechekuti iyo OSI modhi haisi iyo tsananguro ye topology kana network modhi pachayo. Zvinonyatsoita OSI kutsanangura mashandiro avo kuti vawane mwero.. Iyi modhi zvakare haitsanangure kana kutsanangura maprotocol anoshandiswa mukutaurirana, sezvo izvi zvichiitwa zvakazvimirira.

Iwo 7 akaturikidzana eiyo OSI modhi

Ichi chivakwa chinogadzirisa dambudziko rekutaurirana kwemagetsi nenzira ye7 layers kana mazinga. Ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro Rukoko 7, ndiko kwaunoshanda naye data rekushandisa, uye izvi zvakaputirwa uye zvinoshandurwa kusvika zvasvika pa Layer 1, kana nhanho yakaderera, iyo inotarisira zvidimbu zvakachena kuendeswa kune imwe nzira yepanyama (masaini emagetsi, masaisai eredhiyo, kupenya kwechiedza…).

Physical Layer (1 level)

Iyi ndiyo yakadzika pasi peiyo OSI modhi, uye inotarisira iyo network topology uye kubatana kwepasirese kwemidziyo kune network. Inoreva zvese kune yepakati uye nzira iyo ruzivo uye network zvinofambiswa. Chiyero chemuviri kana chikamu chemuviri (1 level) ndiko kunoitwa shanduko dzinoitwa kunhevedzano yezvimedu zvekuapfuudza kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe.

Cape iyi Inoita basa rekufambisa zvimedu zveruzivo kuburikidza nepakati inoshandiswa kutapurirana. Inobatawo zvinhu zvemuviri uye maitiro emagetsi ezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Pamusoro pezvo, iwe uchave uchitarisira zvemakanika zvinhu zvekubatanidza uye materminal, kusanganisira kududzira kwemagetsi / emagetsi masaini.

The Physical Layer (1 level) ine basa rekubatana kwemuviri kwemidziyo kune network, zvese maererano ne nharaunda yemuviri (midhiya inotungamirwa uye midhiya isina kutungamirwa), pa hunhu huri pakati nepakati (rudzi rwetambo kana kunaka kwayo; mhando yeakamisikidzwa ekubatanidza, nezvimwe ...) nzira yekufambiswa kwemashoko.

Iyo yemuviri layer inogamuchira rwizi rwemabhiti uye inoedza kuitumira kwainoenda, uye harisi basa rayo kuvaendesa pasina kukanganisa, sezvo basa iri rinowira kune data link layer. The physical layer inopa masevhisi kune data link, nechinangwa chekuti inopa masevhisi kune network layer.

Mamwe mashoko

Data Link Layer (Layer 2)

Cape iyi inobata nekutarisa kwemuviri, kupinda pakati, kuona kukanganisa, kuodha furemu kugovera, uye kuyerera kwekudzora. Iyo ine basa rekufambisa kwakavimbika kweruzivo kuburikidza nedhisheni yekufambisa data. iyi layer inogamuchira zvikumbiro kubva kunetiweki layer uye inoshandisa masevhisi eiyo yemuviri layer.

Chero nzira yekutapurirana inofanirwa kuve inokwanisa kupa-isina kukanganisa kutapurirana, kureva, yakavimbika data yekufambisa pane yemuviri link. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kukwidza zvidhinha zveruzivo (anonzi mafuremu muchikamu ichi), vape iyo link layer kero (Dirección MAC), tonga kuona kukanganisa kana kururamisa, uye kubata nekudzora kuyerera pakati pezvikwata. Naizvozvo, iyi layer inofanirwa kugadzira uye kuziva miganho yemafuremu, pamwe nekugadzirisa matambudziko anobva mukuipa, kurasikirwa kana kudzokororwa kweaya mabhuroki eruzivo.

Unogonawo kusanganisira zvimwe traffic regulation mechanism, iyo yekudzivisa nayo kuzara kweinogamuchira iyo inononoka pane inotumira.

ari mabasa makuru eiyi layer Ndizvo: kutanga, kugumisa uye kuzivikanwa, kupatsanura uye kuvharira, octet uye kuwiriranisa hunhu, kutsanangudza furemu uye pachena, kudzora kukanganisa, kuyerera kuyerera, kudzoreredza kukanganisa uye manejimendi, pamwe nekukurukurirana kutaurirana..

Mamwe mashoko

Net Cloak (Chikamu 3)

Ichi chinhanho kana nhanho icho inopa kubatana uye kusarudzwa kwenzira pakati peaviri masystem masisitimu, iyo inogona kunge iri panzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana network. Iwo ma data mayuniti anonzi mapaketi, uye anogona kukamurwa kuita routable protocol uye routing mapuroteni. Inopa masevhisi padanho repamusoro (transport layer) uye inotsigirwa nedata link layer, ndiko kuti, shandisa mabasa ayo.

Basa guru reiyo data link layer nderekutora dhata uye kuishandura kuita isina kukanganisa kune network layer.. Inoita basa iri nekutsemura data rekupinza mu dataframes (kuti hausi kuronga), uye kuendesa mafuremu zvakatevedzana kuti agadzirise maficha aanotumira kunzvimbo yekuenda.

Kuti uite basa rako, inogona kugovera yakasarudzika kero yetiweki, batanidza ma subnets akasiyana, mapaketi enzira, kushandisa congestion control uye kukanganisa kukanganisa..

Basa retiweki layer nderekutora data kubva kunobva kune kwainoenda, kunyangwe izvo zviviri zvisina kubatana zvakananga. Marouter anoshanda pane iyi layer, kunyangwe achigona kuita senge 2 switch mune mamwe mamiriro, zvichienderana nebasa raakapihwa. Chii chimwe firewall inoshanda pane iyi layer zvakanyanya, kurasa kero yemuchina.

Hezvino zvaitwa zvine musoro kugadzirisa kweiyo terminal midziyo, iyo inopihwa IP kero.

Mamwe ma network layer protocol ndeaya: IP, OSPF, IS-IS, ICMP, ICMPv6, IGMP.

Mamwe mashoko

Transport Layer (Chikamu 4)

Cape iyi Iyo ine basa rekufambisa iyo isina kukanganisa-data kubva kumushini sosi kuenda kumushini wekuenda., zvisinei nerudzi rwetiweki yemuviri yauri kushandisa.

Icho chinangwa chekupedzisira chekutakura kwekutakura ndeye ipa sevhisi inoshanda uye yakavimbika kune vashandisi, ayo anowanzo ari maapplication layer process. Kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, iyi layer inoshandisa masevhisi anopihwa netiweki layer. Iyo yekutakura layer hardware kana software inobata chekufambisa inonzi chekufambisa sangano.

Iri ndiro danho rekutanga rinoita kutaurirana-kumagumo., uye chimiro ichi chichave chakachengetedzwa muzvikamu zvepamusoro.

Basa rayo rekutanga nderekugamuchira iyo data inotumirwa nepamusoro zvidimbu, kupatsanura kuita zvidimbu zvidiki (zvikamu) kana zvichidikanwa, uye uzvipfuudze kune network layer. Panyaya yeOSI modhi, inotariswa zvakare kuti vanosvika nemazvo kune rimwe divi rekutaurirana. Chimwe chimiro chekucherechedza ndechekuti inofanira kupatsanura mativi ekumusoro kubva kune akasiyana anogona kuitwa etiweki tekinoroji muzvikamu zvepasi.

mune iyi layer masevhisi ekubatanidza anopihwa chikamu chechikamu, icho chinozopedzisira chashandiswa nevashandisi vetiweki pakutumira uye kugamuchira mapaketi. IInternet ine maviri makuru ekutakura layer protocol, imwe isina kubatana (UDP), uye imwe yekubatanidza-yakatarisana (TCP). Aya masevhisi anozobatanidzwa nemhando yekutaurirana inoshandiswa, iyo inogona kunge yakasiyana zvichienderana nechikumbiro chakaitwa kune yekutakura layer.

Mamwe mashoko

Session Layer (Chikamu 5)

Chikamu chechikamu chinobuda senzira yekuronga uye kuwiriranisa nhaurirano uye kutonga kuchinjanisa data. Basa rayo nderekuronga hukama pakati pemaseti maviri ekupedzisira., ndosaka ichinziwo danga rekukurukurirana. Chikamu chinobvumira kutakurwa kwakajairwa kwedata, sezvinoita dhizaini yekufambisa, asi zvakare inopa masevhisi akakwidziridzwa anobatsira mune mamwe maapplication.

Iyi layer ndiyo inoona nezvekuchengetedza nekudzora chinongedzo chakamiswa pakati pemakomputa maviri ari kufambisa data chero rudzi. Chii chimwe inopa maitiro ekudzora nhaurirano pakati pemashandisirwo ekupedzisira masisitimu.

East Level 5 inopa masevhisi akati wandei akakosha pakukurukurirana, sezvavari:

1. Dialogue Control. Inogona kuva panguva imwe chete mumativi maviri (Yakazara-duplex) kana kuchinjana kumativi ose (hafu-duplex)
2. Grouping Control. Neizvi zvinogoneka kuti kutaurirana kuviri hakuna kuitwa panguva imwe chete.
3. Recovery (mashopu). Izvi zvinoshanda kuitira kuti kana kukanganisika kwekutapurirana kukaitika, kunogona kutangwazve kubva panzvimbo yekupedzisira yekusimbisa uye kwete kubva pakutanga.

Naizvozvo, Iyo sevhisi inopihwa neiyi layer ndeye kugona kuona kuti, yakapihwa chikamu chakagadzwa pakati pemichina miviri, inogona kuitirwa maoperation anotsanangurwa kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira, achiatangazve kana kukanganisa.. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, masevhisi akateedzana masevhisi ane chikamu kana mari yakakwana.

Iwo maprotocol anoshanda muSession layer ndeaya: RPC Protocol (remote process call), SCP (Secure Copy) uye ASP (APPLE TALK session protocol).

Mafirewall anoita pane iyi layer, kudzivirira kupinda zviteshi zvekombuta.

Mamwe mashoko

Presentation Layer (Chikamu 6)

Chinangwa chemharidzo layer ndeye tarisira kumiririrwa kweruzivo, kuitira kuti kunyangwe makomputa akasiyana angave akasiyana emukati anomiririra mavara (ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC), nhamba, ruzha kana mifananidzo, data inosvika nenzira inozivikanwa. Data inotakurwa munharaunda mune mafomati akaenzana

Cape iyi ndiyo yekutanga kushanda zvakanyanya pane zviri mukati mekukurukurirana pane kuti inomiswa sei. Inobata nezvinhu zvakaita semantics uye syntax yedata rinofambiswa, sezvo makomputa akasiyana anogona kunge aine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuabata.

Tinogona kupfupisa iyi layer se uyo ari kutungamira kubata iyo abstract data zvimiro, uye yekuita iyo data inomiririra shanduko inodiwa pakududzira kwayo kwakafanana.. Nemashoko mashoma, mushanduri.

Layer 6 inoshandisa mabasa makuru matatu. Mabasa aya ndeaya: data formatting, data encryption uye data compression.

Mamwe mashoko

Chishandiso Layer (Chikamu 7)

Iyi layer inopa maapplication (mushandisi kana kwete) the mukana wekuwana masevhisi emamwe masevhisi, uye inotsanangura mapuroteni anoshandiswa nemaapplication kuchinjanisa data, senge email (POP uye SMTP), maneja edhatabhesi kana sevha yefaira (ftp) Kune akawanda maprotocol sezvo kune akasiyana maapplication, sezvo maapplication matsva ari kuramba achigadzirwa, huwandu hweprotocol huri kuramba huchikura.

Muchikamu chino chinongedzo chemamwe mazinga chinomiswa uye mabasa anogadzirirwa maapplication. Ine maapplication anoonekwa kumushandisi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mushandisi haawanzo kudyidzana zvakanangana nedanho rekushandisa. Iyo inowanzo pindirana nemapurogiramu ayo anozobatana nedanho rekushandisa.

Pakati pe yakakurumbira generic protocol taura:

1. http(HyperText Transfer Protocol) yekuwana mapeji ewebhu.
2. ftp (File Transfer Protocol) yekufambisa faira.
3. SMTP (Nyore Mapepa Ekutamisa Protocol) yekutumira nekugovera maemail.
4. POP (Post Office Protocol)/IMAP, yekutora email.
5. SSH (Yakachengeteka SHEL) kunyanya kure kure.
6. Telnet kuwana makomputa ari kure. Kunyangwe yakawira mukusashandiswa nekuda kwekusachengeteka kwayo, sezvo makiyi achifamba asina kuvharirwa pane network.

Mamwe mashoko

Nechinangwa che Kuti ufambise kudzidza uye nemusoro mazita ezvikamu zvinoumba iyo OSI modhi, pane mutemo wakapfava unosanganisira kuvabata nemusoro semnemonic: FERTSPA. Izvi muchirungu zvaizoita zvakafanana ne Kutanga Spa (yekutanga spa muSpanish):

• Fzvenyama
• Ebatanidzo
• Red
• Ttransport
• Session
• Ppresentation
• Aapplication

Muchidimbu, zvinogona kutaurwa izvozvo Iyo OSI Stack ndiyo modhi yakavakirwa pazvikamu zvinomwe kana mazinga ekubvisa. Imwe neimwe yematanho ine mabasa ayo, kutsanangura pamwe chete chiyero chekutaurirana uko Hardware nemaprotocol akasiyana anogona kupindirana.