Zisebenza kanjani izimvume zefayela ku-Linux (I)

I-Los izimvume zefayela nezinkomba ziyingxenye ebalulekile emhlabeni we I-GNU / Linux, futhi zakha enye yezingxenye ezitholwe njengefa kusuka kulokho obekukhona e-Unix iminyaka. Kubasebenzisi abaningi ababhekane neqiniso lokufinyelela kuleplatifomu kwesinye isikhathi, kungenye yalezo zinkinga ezivimbela futhi zibeke inhlonipho, kepha njengakho konke empilweni kulula ukuyiqonda uma sinikezwa usizo olufanele.

Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizozama ukususa okunye ukungabaza, futhi sicace, sisekelo futhi sibaluleke ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze wonke umuntu aqale ukuqonda zisebenza kanjani izimvume zefayela nezinkomba ku-GNU / Linux. Akusona umhlahlandlela othuthukile, ngakho-ke labo asebevele benolwazi kulolu daba bangalandela, ngoba sizozama ukucacisa futhi sinikeze imininingwane ngalabo abasanda kuqala kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, noma labo okuthi noma Bengisebenzisa le nkundla isikhathi esithile bengakakutholi kahle lokhu.

Into yokuqala okufanele uyiqonde yilokho izimvume zehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu: umnikazi, iqembu nabanye, ezimele izimvume zokufinyelela ezoba nomnikazi wefayela noma umkhombandlela, ozoba nomsebenzisi weqembu eliphethe lelo fayela noma umkhombandlela, futhi elizothola abanye abasebenzisi bohlelo. Ukubuka lezi zimvume singaya kunoma yisiphi isiqondisi bese sisebenzisa okulandelayo:

ls-l

Sizobona kufana nalokho esinakho esithombeni esingenhla salokhu okuthunyelwe, lapho sinemininingwane emelwe emigqeni nakumakholomu ambalwa. Lesi sakamuva sisikhombisa okuthile okufana nalokhu -rw-r-r- 1 impande impande 164 Nov 11 2014 xinitrc, futhi esikubona kahle ngakwesobunxele yikhona okuzosithakazelisa kakhulu ukuqala ukuqonda ukuthi singaziphatha kanjani izimvume. Leyo kholamu yokuqala isibonisa izikhala eziyi-10, ngasinye sazo sinencazelo eyehlukile kuya ngokuthi sithathwa yi

• b: vimba idivayisi
• c: idivayisi yezinhlamvu (ngokwesibonelo / dev / tty1)
• d: isiqondisi
• l: isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso (ngokwesibonelo / usr / bin / java -> / ikhaya / izinhlelo / Java / jre / bin / java)
• p: igama lepayipi (ngokwesibonelo / proc / 1 / amamephu)
• - imvume ayinikiwe
• r: ukufunda
• w: ukubhala
• x: ukwenziwa

I-d izobakhona kuphela esikhaleni sokuqala kusuka kwesobunxele, futhi kusho ukuthi into okukhulunywa ngayo yinkomba, ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka leso sikhala sihlala ne-hyphen «-» sizoba ngaphambi kwefayela. Kamuva, izikhala eziyisishiyagalolunye ezilandelayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu wabathathu, futhi i-oda lihlala njalo lilandelayo: rwx, emele ukubhala, ukufunda nokwenza izimvume zomnikazi, iqembu nabanye (abanye) ngokulandelana.

Okulandelayo yinombolo esikhombisa inani lezixhumanisi zaleli fayela noma umkhombandlela, isibalo esivame ukuba ngu-1, kwesinye isikhathi kungaba ngu-2 bese kuthi okumbalwa, okungenani, kube nenye inombolo. Lokho akunandaba okwamanje, noma okungenani akubalulekile ngenhloso yethu yokuthola izimvume zefayela ku-Linux, ngakho-ke ake siqhubeke nensimu elandelayo ngoba lokhu kuyasithakasela kusukela kuleyo 'mpande' esiyibonayo lapho kusho ukuthi ungumnikazi yaleli fayela, futhi 'impande' esiyibonayo kukholamu yesine isho ukuthi lelo fayela lingelezimpande zeqembu. Ngemuva kwalokho izinkambu ezilandelayo zimelela usayizi we-inode, usuku negama lefayela noma umkhombandlela.

Ngalolu lwazi emqondweni sizokwazi ukuqala ukuqonda okulandelayo, okuyi- isibizo senombolo sezimvume, okuthile okujwayelekile kakhulu kwe-GNU / Linux, BSD nezinye izinhlelo ze-nix. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi siqeshana sizosisiza ukuthi sishintshe izimvume zefayela ngokushesha sisebenzisa umyalo we-chmod, futhi yilokho esizokubona kokunye okuthunyelwe kepha okwamanje singagxila kokulandelayo: Imvume yokufunda isho ukuthi singabona okuqukethwe yileli fayela noma umkhombandlela, ukubhala kusho ukuthi sinemvume yokuguqula ifayela noma umkhombandlela kanye nemvume yokusebenzisa kusho ukuthi singalisebenzisa lelo fayela noma, uma siphambi komkhombandlela, ukuthi Ungasesha kuyo. (okungukuthi, yenza "ls"). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani amafayela ayisisekelo ohlelweni, afana ne- / usr /, / usr / bin noma / usr / lib enikeze imvume enikwe amandla kepha engabhali imvume ngaphandle komnikazi, ngoba ngale ndlela bonke abasebenzisi bangenza yonke imiyalo kepha benze ungaguquli noma ususe noma yini size sinikezwe lezo zimvume noma sibe 'yimpande' sisebenzisa umyalo 'su'.