GNUstep iyiqoqo lemitapo yolwazi ye-Objective-C kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ku ukucaciswa kwangempela kwe I-OpenStep Kuthuthukiswe i-NEXT (manje ephethwe yi-Apple futhi ifakwe ku-Mac OS X).
Imvelo ibonakala ngokuhlinzeka ngohlaka lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza olugxile entweni kanye nesethi yamathuluzi azosetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha. Funda kabanzi mayelana nephrojekthi ye-GNUstep, ezinye izindlela, njll.
Mayelana ne-GNUstep
GNUstep Kuvele ngemuva nje kokushiya u-Apple, uSteve Jobs ongasekho, wasungula inkampani entsha, i-NEXT, ngenhloso yokukhiqiza ikhompuyutha ephelele.
Ngo-1989, kwakhululwa uhlelo lokusebenza kulo mshini, obizwa Okulandelayo. Nakuba ekuqaleni itholakala kuphela ku-NEXT Cube, i-NeXTSstep ibe nethonya elikhulu.
Isiphequluli sewebhu sokuqala, i-WorldWideWeb (kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Nexus), sathuthukiswa kulo mshini. (Umbhali, u-Tim Berners-Lee, uthe isiphequluli sakhe besingeke senzeke ngaphandle kwendawo yentuthuko enhle kakhulu ye-NEXTSstep.) Enye isofthiwe eyenziwe emishinini ye-NEXT i-Doom.
Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, Ngo-1993, i-NEXT ibambisene ne-Sun ukukhiqiza imininingwane ye-OpenStep. Bekuyinguqulo eyenziwe lula ye-NEXT APIs, ehloselwe ukuthuthukiswa kwenkundla futhi lokhu kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili:
- Enye yazo Ikhithi yamathuluzi ehlinzeke ngemitapo yolwazi esezingeni eliphansi njengeyunithi yezinhlamvu, ama-associative arrays, kanye nefayela I/O.
- Futhi enye ibisemakhithi ohlelo banikeze ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-GUI kanye nezinsizakalo ezihambisanayo.
Ilanga lisekele kafushane i-OpenStep ku-Solaris, kuyilapho i-NeXT ikhipha inguqulo entsha yesistimu yabo yokusebenza, ngokudidayo ebizwa ngokuthi OPENSTEP, eye yenziwa yatholakala ngezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-x86, kanye ne-NeXT futhi inikeze ukuqaliswa kokucaciswa okusebenze ku-Windows.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iphrojekthi ye-GNU yayinentshisekelo enkulu ohlelweni lwe-NEXT. Abaningi babone i-OPENSTEP njengohlelo olusebenzayo lwe-UNIX. Isikhathi esithile, isistimu yokusebenza ye-GNU yayihloselwe ukuthi ifane kakhulu ne-NeXTSstep.
Lapha kubalulekile ukuphawula lokho i-GNU HURD kernel yakhelwe phezu kwezisekelo ezifanayo ye-Mach kune-NeXTSstep, kodwa enomklamo wokuvelela kakhulu. Isendlalelo sokubonwa kwesithombe besizohlinzekwa ukuqaliswa kwe-GNU kwama-NEXT API.
Iphrojekthi ye-GNUstep yazuza umfutho ngempela ngemva kokukhishwa kwencazelo ye-OpenStep ngo-1994, kodwa yahlushwa ezinye izinkinga.
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu nge-GNUstep yiqiniso lokuthi bambalwa kakhulu onjiniyela abaye badalulwa ku-NeXTSstep noma i-OPENSTEP. Kwabe sekufika ukutholwa kwe-Apple kwe-NEXT, eyehlisa intengo yezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ze-NEXT futhi yaduma uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-NeXTSstep.
Njengoba onjiniyela abaningi ngokwengeziwe bejwayela ubuhle be-OpenStep API ngokusebenzisa i-Apple, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Cocoa, intshisekelo kuphrojekthi yavuselelwa. Ngawo-2000s, i-GNUstep yasebenzisa okuningi noma ngaphansi kwazo zonke izicaciso zangempela ze-OpenStep, kanye nezandiso ezihlukahlukene ku-OS X.
I-GNUstep kernel inikeza inguqulo yomthombo ovulekile wama-API kanye namathuluzi kaCocoa asekela amapulatifomu amaningana adumile. I-GNUstep inikeza ukuqaliswa okuqinile kwemitapo yolwazi ye-AppKit neSisekelo, kanye namathuluzi okuthuthukisa, okuhlanganisa umklami obonakalayo othuthukisiwe u-Gorm (I-InterfaceBuilder) kanye ne-ProjectCenter IDE (ProjectBuilder / Xcode).
GNUstep ifuna ukuhambisana nekhodi yomthombo we-cocoa, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa nokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cross-platform phakathi kwe-Macintosh (Cocoa), i-Unix (Solaris) ne-Unix-like (i-GNU / Linux ne-GNU / Hurd, i-NetBSD, i-OpenBSD, i-FreeBSD platforms) ne-Windows.
I-GNUstep ayibhalwanga ngo-C. Ulimi oluyinhloko lokuthuthukisa i-GNUstep yi-Objective-C, kodwa i-GNUstep ayikhawulelwe kulokho.
Imitapo yolwazi ye-GNUstep imbozwe yi-GNU Lesser Public License (Ilabhulali). Lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi ungasebenzisa la mamitapo kunoma yiluphi uhlelo (ngisho nezinhlelo ezingezona ezamahhala) ngaphandle kokuthikameza ilayisensi yohlelo lwakho nanoma yimuphi omunye umtapo wezincwadi i-GNUstep exhunywe kuwo.
Uma usabalalisa amalabhulali e-GNUstep ngohlelo lwakho, kufanele wenze izithuthukisi ozenzile kumitapo yolwazi ye-GNUstep zitholakale mahhala. Amathuluzi e-GNUstep azimele anikezwe ilayisense ngaphansi kwezinga le-GPL.
Okokugcina uma unentshisekelo yokwazi okwengeziwe ngayo, ungabheka imininingwane kufayela le- isixhumanisi esilandelayo