Yiziphi izingxenye ezidingwa ngu-Ubuntu

Njalo uma ngilungiselela ukubhala indatshana efana nalena ngikhumbula iminyaka yami yokuqala ku-Ubuntu. Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso ngokuphelele, empilweni yami yangaphambi kwe-Linux ngicabanga ukuthi ngase ngiphinde ngafaka i-Windows 98 kanye futhi ngafometha enye i-XP, ngakho-ke into yokuhlukanisa kimi kwakuyinto engangizoyihlukanisa, angazi, ophaya nokunye. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umeluleki wami we-Linux wangitshela okuthile okwenza ukuthi uma ngifuna idatha yami iphephe futhi ingalahleki ngemva kokwenza okuthile okweqisayo, bekufanelekile ukuhlukanisa izinto. Ngiyazi ukuthi abaningi benu bayazibuza ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ozidingayo Ubuntu, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi into yokuqala okufanele siyenze ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwesidingo, okudingekayo nalokho okungaba kuhle.

Enye into okufanele siyikhumbule ukuthi yiziphi izihlukanisi okufanele sikhathazeke ngazo njengabasebenzisi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sizokwenza faka uhlelo lokusebenza ukuthatha yonke i-hard drive, ngingasho ukuthi kufanele sikhathazeke ngeyodwa noma cha. Ubuntu buzonakekela yonke into ukuze uhlelo lukwazi ukulayisha i-kernel, bese kuba uhlelo lokusebenza, futhi ekugcineni isikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi. Into ukuthi uma sifuna enye into, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amathuba ahlukene noma ukwazi ukuthi yini eyenza ini. Lapha sizozama ukuchaza ezinye izinto mayelana ukwahlukaniswa ye-Ubuntu, nakuba isebenza kunoma iyiphi isistimu yokusebenza esekelwe ku-Linux ngokuvamile.

Izingxenye ezidingekayo ukuze Ubuntu (nanoma iyiphi i-Linux) zisebenze

Nakuba uma sifuna ukuthatha yonke i-hard drive kufanele sicabange eyodwa kuphela, empeleni sidinga ezimbili. omunye wabo uzoba i/boot, i-EFI, lapho kuzofakwa yonke into edingekayo ukuze ikhompyutha iqale. Uma uhlelo lokusebenza luyidala ngokuzenzakalelayo, imvamisa inosayizi olinganiselwa ku-300MB, futhi indawo yayo ingeyokuqala yazo zonke. Ifomethi yayo imvamisa i-FAT32, futhi kufanele uqaphele kakhulu lapho uthinta noma yini kulokhu kuhlukaniswa noma kuzodingeka ukuthi uze kule noma enye ibhulogi ekhethekile uma ufuna ukubuyisela i-GRUB noma imininingwane eku-hard drive.

Okunye ukwahlukanisa okuyimpoqo ukuthi ube nakho impande (/). Uma singenzi okunye ukwahlukanisa, konke kuzoya empandeni, kokubili amafayela wesistimu yokusebenza kanye namafayela okucushwa, phakathi kwawo azoba yilawo amafolda omuntu wabo bonke abasebenzisi ababhalise kukhompyutha.

Uma ukungabaza kwakho bekulokhu, bekuyini ukwahlukanisa okudingekayo ukuze isebenze Ubuntu nganoma yisiphi isizathu, i-athikili ayisekho okunye okuthakaselayo kuwe. Endabeni yokufuna enye into, esigabeni esilandelayo sichaza okuthile okuthakazelisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lokho umuntu wokuqala owangifundisa okuthile ngeLinux.

impande, /ikhaya kanye /shintshanisa

Lapho bengichazela ukuthi, ukuhlukaniswa kwebhuthi kushiywe olwazini, ngenxa yokuthi izifaka yona (uma ibivele ikhona) lapho sikhetha idrayivu futhi akumele senze lutho, kodwa bangitshele ngalaba abathathu. Isizathu silula kakhulu, uhlobo lokuhlukanisa nokunqoba, noma hlukana futhi ngeke ulahlekelwe, noma uzolahlekelwa kancane.

Uma umuntu efuna ukwenza i-distro-hopping ku-Linux, futhi ukusabalalisa akuhlukile kangangokuthi kungase kube inkinga ukugcina izinguquko ezithile, kufanelekile ukuba nefolda. /ikhaya elihlukaniswe nabanye. Ku/ekhaya kuzongena amafolda omuntu siqu abo bonke abasebenzisi ababhalise eqenjini, futhi ngamunye uzoba nemibhalo yakhe namafayela okumisa. Umqondo wukuthi lawa mafayela awalahleki ngemva kokufakwa kabusha, futhi uma esizokubuyisela kufana ncamashi nesistimu yokusebenza ebesiyifakile, ngokungafomethi ukwahlukanisa/kwekhaya sizoba nayo yonke into endaweni yayo.

Uma sifaka kabusha ngaphandle kokufometha ukwahlukanisa/kwekhaya, isistimu yokusebenza ingase isibonise imilayezo yephutha, njengalapho ingakwazi ukufaka izinhlelo zokusebenza ebesizifakile phakathi nenqubo. Kodwa okuhle ukuthi amafayela okucupha azoba kufolda, ngakho-ke lapho kufakwa uhlelo ebesilufakile ngaphambi kokulufaka kabusha, ukucushwa kuzoba njengoba kwakunjalo.

Isibonelo, uma ungithanda, ukuthi ku-GIMP ngishiya iphaneli yesokunxele yomugqa owodwa futhi ugcine izifanekiso, lapho ufaka kabusha uhlelo bese ufaka kabusha i-GIMP konke okuzoba sendaweni yayo. Uma sinekhodi ye-Visual Studio enezilungiselelo eziningi noma isiphequluli esenziwe ngendlela oyifisayo ngokugcwele, yonke into izobuyela lapho yayikhona ngaphambi kokuba sibe nenkinga esenze sanquma ukubuyisela.

Mayelana ne /home partition: ungayithathi kancane

Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi ukwahlukanisa/kwekhaya akubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesistimu yokusebenza, futhi bayoba ngokulungile ngokwengxenye. Kodwa ngiyanitshela ukuthi liyahamba kuphela. Esikhathini esedlule ngiziqinisekisile mina ngokwami: ngine-a Idiski ye-SSD ye-128GB kanye ne-hard drive ye-1TB, futhi ngacabanga ukuthi "uma kukhona idatha namadokhumenti kuphela / ekhaya, bese ngiyibeka ku-hard drive". Kubonakala sengathi isiphetho esingenaphutha, kodwa umehluko wokusebenza uzobonakala, futhi kuningi. Konke kubonakala kuhamba kancane, futhi izinto ziba zimbi kakhulu uma sidala umshini obonakalayo. Ukuba ku-hard drive, kuba nesikhathi esinzima ukunyakaza.

Uma sinesikhala, ifolda yasekhaya nayo kufanele ibe ku-SSD (uma sinayo). Uma kuvela ukuthi sinendawo eningi ku-hard drive, singashiya amadokhumenti afana ne- umculo namamuvi, futhi sakhe ama-symlink kumafolda oMculo namavidiyo kufolda yethu yomuntu siqu. Njengoba kufanele kufundwe imibhalo kuphela, ijubane alincishisiwe kakhulu, ngikutshela ngokuhlangenwe nakho.

Indawo/yokushintshanisa: umoya-mpilo omncane

Kungase kube umbono womuntu siqu, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi njengoba iminyaka ihamba kancane kancane mayelana nokuhlukaniswa /shintsha. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, lapho sinamakhompiyutha ane-1GB ye-RAM, izinto zazihlukile, kodwa manje, lapho noma iyiphi ikhompyutha ebuthakathaka isivele ine-4GB ye-RAM, akudingekile kangako. Hhayi kakhulu, kodwa ingafika kahle.

I-swap partition ku-Linux iyindawo ye-hard drive esetshenziselwa gcina inkumbulo okwesikhashana engasetshenziswa ngokusebenzayo ku-RAM. Uma i-RAM isigcwele, i-Linux isebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-swap ukukhulula isikhala ku-RAM ukuze ivumele isistimu ukuthi iqhubeke nokusebenza. Lesi sahlukaniso singaphinda sibe wusizo ezimeni lapho kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lememori, njengalapho usebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibamba inkumbulo kakhulu noma lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi kunkambu yesayensi yedatha. Noma okuthile okwengeziwe ezingeni lomsebenzisi, lapho udonsa isofthiwe yezithombe, njengesihleli sevidiyo. Kulezi zimo, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-swap kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu ayiphelelwa yinkumbulo.

Kokunye okubalulekile ukulala ubusika bonke ikhompuyutha, kuze kube yilapho inketho yokuyibeka endaweni yokulala iyanyamalala (noma kunalokho ayiveli) kwamanye amakhompyutha uma inani elidingekayo lingashiywanga.

I-swap partition iyadalwa noma kufanele idalwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwesistimu yokusebenza, futhi ngokuvamile itholakala kufayela elihlukile ohlelweni lwefayela elikhulu. I-swap partition ingaba yifayela kusistimu yefayela eyinhloko, nakuba lokhu kunganconywa ngoba kunganciphisa isistimu.

Futhi yimalini okufanele ishiywe kulokhu kuhlukaniswa? Ngicabanga ukuthi uma uphonsa lowo mbuzo kubha ye-linux, kuzoba nokulwa. Ngizwile ngakho konke, nakho konke okuhlukile. Ngokuvamile, kunconywa ukuthi ukwahlukanisa ukushintshana babe okungenani usayizi ophindwe kabili we-RAM efakiwe ohlelweni. Isibonelo, uma ikhompuyutha yakho ino-8 GB we-RAM, kuyanconywa ukuthi okungenani ube ne-partition ye-swap engu-16 GB.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba ukuhlukaniswa kwe-swap kungaba usizo kwezinye izimo, akufanele kubhekwe njengesixazululo sokuntuleka kwe-RAM. Uma isistimu yethu isebenzisa ukwahlukanisa okushintshisana njalo, okungcono kakhulu esingakwenza, uma kungenzeka, ukukhulisa i-RAM.

Impande: … impande yakho konke

Impande iphakathi kufanele iye kuphi lonke uhlelo lokusebenza. Kufana no-C: ku-Windows, lapho yonke into ifakiwe futhi, kusukela kuyo, okunye. Engxenyeni yempande (/) yilapho sizothola khona amafolda abaluleke kakhulu futhi okufanele siqaphele ngawo, njenge /bin kanye / njll.

Mayelana nobukhulu okufanele bushiywe, umbono omncane ngamunye. Okwami ​​ukuthi akudingekile ukushiya isikhala esiningi, ngoba izinhlelo ku-Linux, ngaphandle uma amaphakheji amaningi we-snap ne-flatpak efakiwe, ngokuvamile amancane (ahambisana nokuncika okwabiwe nezinye izinhlelo). ubuntu ingafakwa ngokuphelele ku-20GB, futhi besingakwazi ukufaka izinhlelo ezimbalwa kuze kube yilapho impande yethu iphelelwa isikhala. Ngoba lapha sikhuluma ngecala lapho ifolda / yasekhaya ihlukaniswa khona, futhi kungaphakathi / ekhaya lapho amafayela amakhulu azoba khona, phakathi kwawo kuzoba nomculo, amamuvi nemidlalo engaba ngefomethi ye-ISO.

Manje, uma ubungangibuza ukuthi ngishiye malini okungenani, bengizosho kabili nje, cishe 40GB ukuze abangaphezu kuka-30 bahlale bekhululekile ngemva kokufakwa.

Ungawakha kanjani ama-partitions ku-Ubuntu

Ngiyazi ukuthi kukhona abantu abasazosho ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka, futhi mhlawumbe kwezinye izinhlelo zefayela, kodwa Ngicabanga ukuthi ngalaba abathathu sizoba nayo kahle. Uma kukhona, futhi ukhulume ngakho, uma sinesikhala, shiya ukwahlukanisa kwedatha ngendlela yokwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, futhi usayizi wokunikeza kuzoxhomeka nezidingo zalowo nalowo. Vele, kufanele sikhethe ifomethi kahle: I-EXT4 ingeyomdabu futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-Linux, kodwa i-BTRFS iyona ezosetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo futhi uma sifuna ukuyisebenzisa ngeWindows (dualboot), lokho okuzodingeka sikwenze. ifometha lokho kuhlukanisa njenge-NTFS noma i-ExFAT.

Ngemva kokuchaza konke lokhu, indlela yokudala ukwahlukanisa ku-Ubuntu kufanele yenziwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Esinyathelweni lapho sibona khona "Izinketho eziningi", sikhetha lokho futhi sizofaka uhlobo lomphathi wokuhlukanisa.

Uma i-disk ingenalutho, sichofoza uphawu lokuhlanganisa ngezansi kwesokunxele bese sidala ama-partitions. Njengoba kuchaziwe lapha, kufanele sikushiye kanje:

• /boot/efi: Usayizi we-300mb futhi ufomethwe ku-FAT32. Ngokuchofoza kwesokudla kufanele sikumaka njengengxenye yokuqalisa. Lapho sikhuphuka sizobona nje /i-boot/efi, noma into efanayo, ngoba ingahluka kusuka kusifaki esisodwa kuya kwesinye.
• / (impande): ubukhulu, uma kungenzeka, kufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-30GB, okuthi nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi kungase kungadingeki, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi kungcono ukuphepha kunokuzisola.
• / ekhaya: ifolda yomuntu siqu lapho sizoshiya khona isikhala esidingekayo ukuze silondoloze wonke amadokhumenti ethu. Futhi qaphela usebenzisa i-hard drive.
• /shintsha: indawo yokushintshisana, lokho uhlelo oluzosebenzisa ukuphefumula lapho lungakwazi ukubhekana nomsebenzi esiwucela ukuba yenze. Kulapho futhi iseshini izolondolozwa khona okwesikhashana uma silala, ngakho-ke kuyanconywa ukuthi sishiye okungenani uhhafu we-RAM yethu engokwenyama.

Ngokuqondene / nekhaya nempande, zingafomethwa noma cha; Uma sifuna ukugcina ukucushwa kwangaphambilini, /ikhaya kufanele lishiywe lingafomethiwe.

Futhi lokhu kungaba konke. Uma kwenziwa kanje, ukufaka kabusha akusoze kwaba inkinga.